Ka soo qaybgalka xafladaha dhaarinta madaxweynaha
Caadi ahaan munasabadda dhaarinta madaxweynaha dalka Maraykan waxaa lagu qabtaa fagaaraha aqalka Kongareeska dalkaas, waxa aana ka soo qayb galay, madaxweynayaashii hore iyo masuuliyiinta saddexda gole ee dawladda Maraykanka oo ah golaha xukuumadda, golaha Sharci dejinta iyo golaha Garsoorka, iyada oo madaxa maxkamadda sare ee dalku dhaarinta sameeyo. Xafladda dhaarintu maadaama oo ay ka dhacayso aqalka Kongareeska waxaa abaabulkeeda iyo qabashadeeda u xil saaran golaha Kongareeska, waxa aana qasab ah in goluhu yeesho kulan uu xafladdaas qabashadeeda kaga arrinsanayo, kadibna guddi xildhibaanno ah oo labada xisbi ee Dimuqraaddiga iyo Jamhuuriga ka socda ayaa loo saaraa.
Arrimaha xiisaha leh waxaa ka mid ah in si ka duwan inta badan ee adduunka aanay jirin xeerar qasab kadhigaya ereyo dhaarta u qoran oo ay tahay in aanay is bedbeddelin. Sidaa awgeed madaxweynaha la dhaarinayaa waxa uu ikhtiyaar u haystaa in uu isbeddelo yaryar ku samayn karo ereyada uu odhanayo, tusaale ahaan “Waxa aan ku dhaaranayaa” ayaa uu ka dhigi karaa, “Waxaaan caddaynayaa” ‘in aan si daacadnimo ah u gudan doono waajibaadka shaqo ee xilka madaxweynaha Maraykanka, intii awooddayda ah ee ugu badanna fulin doono, dayactirka iyo dhowrista dastuurka Maraykanka iyo in aan difaaco’ ayaa uu madaxweynuhu ku sii darayaa labada erey ee uu isku beddelay hadba kooda uu qaato.
Sababta isku beddelka ereyada loo ogolaaday waa in la dhowro haddiiba ay dhacdo in ay kala duwanaadaan caqiidada madaxda imanaysa oo qaarkood ereyada qaar u arki waayaan kuwo sax ah diin ahaan. Illaa haddana dalka Maraykanka madaxweynihii 14naad oo ahaa Franklin Pierce ayaa ah ka keliya ee ereyadaas wax ka beddelay, isaga oo kelmadda, ‘Waxa aan ku dhaaranayaa’ ku beddelay, ‘Waxa aan caddaynayaa’
Taariikhaha doorashada iyo caleemo saarka, qaabka doorashada iyo muddo xileedka
Madaxweynaha Maraykan waxaa lagu soo doortaa doorasho dadban, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in muwaadiniinta u diiwaangashan codaynta doorashooyinka ee codaynayaa aanay haddana ahayn kuwa si rasmi ah u dooranaya madaxweynaha. Muwaadiniinta 50 gobal iyo degmada Columbia oo gaarkeeda u taagan waxa ay codkooda ku soo saaraan wakiillo/gole doorasho oo goballadooda ama degmadooda u doora madaxweynaha talada qaban doona. Wakiilladan ama guddidan midkii aynu ugu yeedhnaba waxaa dalkaas looga yaqaannaa Electoral College iyaga ayaana marka la soo doorto kadib cod ku sii kala doorta murashaxiinta noqonaya madaxweynaha iyo ku xigeenka Afarta sano ee soo socda.
Goballadan 50 ka ah mid kastaa tirada wakiillada uu soo dooranayo ee madaxweynaha u doori doonaa waxa ay noqonaysaa tirada isku darka xildhibaannada uu gobalkaasi ku yeesho labada gole sharci-dejineed ee wakiillada iyo Kongareeska, magaalada caasimadda ah ee Washington D.C. iyadu waxa ay kelideed soo doorataa saddex wakiil oo u dhigma tirada gobalka ugu yari doorto.
Marka doorashada madaxtooyada ee goballadu dhammaato ayaa la tiriyaa kadibna lagu dhawaaqaa codadka gobal kasta iyo guud ahaan codadka dalka tiradooda, sida ay xisbiyadu u kala heleen goballada iyo si guud tirada dalka ka codaysay inta uu xisbi kastaa ku yeeshay. Guddidii/wakiilladii doorasho ee gobal kastaa soo doortay ayaa isu yimaadda oo mar kale u codeeya kala doorashada murashaxa madaxweyne ee dalka taladiisa qabanaya.
Sida caadiga ah xubin kasta oo ka mid ah wakiillada doorasho waxa uu u codeeyaa, laguna dhiirrigeliyaa in uu u codeeyo murashaxa ay xisbigiisa codadka ugu badan dadka gobalkiisu siiyeen. Si kastaba ha ahaato ee, 21 gobal oo ka mid ah 50 gobal ee dalka Maraykanka ayaanu ka jirin xeer si cad wakiilka doorasho u amraya in uu u codeeyo xisbiga ay tirada badan ee dadka gobalkiisu doonayaan, taas oo macnaheedu yahay, waa suurtogal in wakiilka doorasho uu u codeeyo murashax aanay doonayn inta badan ee codbixiyeyaasha gobalkiisa, waayo sharci u diidaya ayaa aan jirin. Laakiin, sida badan, gaar ahaan casrigan dambe, wakiilladu dhammaantood waxa ay u codeeyaan murashaxiinta madaxweyne iyo ku xigeen ee aqlabiyadda dadka gobalkoodu doonayso, taasina waa sababta keenta in iyaga oo aan wakiilladii doorasho ee madaxweynaha dooran lahaa weli codaynba, la sii sheegi karo ruuxa madaxweynenimada ku guulaystay, waayo gobal kasta wakiillada doorasho ee ka soo baxay ayaa laga sii garanayaa xisbiga uu gobalkaasi u codaynayo. Waxa se’ xusid mudan in ay dhici karto in ay sidaas u dhici weydo oo wakiillada 21 ka gobal ee aynu sheegnay ay qaarkood ka baydhaan doonista dadkooda, taasina waa sabab beddeli karta saadaashii marka hore laga sii bixiyey ruuxa guulaysan doona.
Murashaxa guulaysayaa waa ka hela ugu yaraan 270 cod oo ka mid ah codadka wakiillada doorasho oo tiradoodu dhan tahay 538, taas oo ah in murashaxu ku guulaysan karo oo keliya haddii uu tirada guddida/wakiillada doorasho ka helo ugu yaraan kala badh iyo hal cod.
Haddii ay dhacdo in murashaxiinta madaxweynaha aanu midkoodna helin tirada la rabo ee 270 ka ah, waxaa qasab noqonaysa in golaha wakiillada ee dalka Maraykanku uu u fadhiisto kulan, uu ugu kala codaynayo murashaxiinta si uu midkood u siiyo cod aqlabiyad ah oo madaxweyne uu u noqdo. Waxaa xiise leh in haddii murashaxiinta madaxweyne ku xigeennadu ay ku guulaysan waayaan codka laga rabo ee ah ugu yaraan 270 ay qasab noqonayso in markan uu golaha Kongareesku shir isugu yimaaddo oo murashaxiinta jagadan u taagan cod ku kala reebo. Waxaa ka sii yaab badan in ay dhici karto in murshaxa madaxweyne iyo murshaxa madaxweyne ku xigeen ay kala noqdaan laba masuul oo laba xisbi ka soo kala jeeda, La soco…………
